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viernes, 24 de mayo de 2024

Cacao: Frente a precios elevados, crecer con calidad




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AGROPERU Mayo (2024) N°45

Precios altos e inestables del cacao: qué hacer ahora y después cuando vuelva la calma.

Santiago Pastor Soplín

Investigador RENACYT

Docente AGRONOMÍA&NEGOCIOS

Universidad Cientifica del Sur. Lima, Perú.


El cacao o “alimento de los dioses” se mantiene en fase de “montaña rusa”. El precio sube y baja y no parece evidente que se estabilice, y mucho menos que aterrice a los niveles de hace año y medio y de las décadas anteriores, cuando se movía entre dos y tres mil dólares por tonelada; más cerca de dos mil que de tres mil, lo cual constituía un precio de subsistencia para los medianos productores y de hambre para los pequeños o productores familiares.

En los últimos 15 meses, comenzó a subir sin para hasta casi los 12 mil dólares la tonelada. Ahora que escribimos esta nota, el precio está en 7300 dólares la tonelada de grano fermentado seco; si tomamos en cuenta que el productor recibe entre el 80 y el 90% del precio de referencia de la bolsa de Nueva York, y un precio promedio de diez mil dólares la tonelada, significaría que los productores deben estar recibiendo 8 a 9 dólares por kg de cacao corriente, amén de los premios por certificaciones y precios especialmente altos cuando se trata de lotes de cacao fino de aroma dirigidos especialmente a la chocolatería fina o artesanal. Haciendo un grueso promedio, los productores deben estar recibiendo aproximadamente 10 dólares por kilogramo o 35 soles, a diferencia de los 8 a 9 soles que recibían hace año y medio. El incremento es evidente y el impacto es sustancialmente fuerte.

Cabe tener presente que es una oportunidad generada por las malas cosechas de los países africanos que son los grandes productores Costa de Marfil y Ganha. Los almacenes y reservas mundiales de cacao de cacao han acumulado déficits que llegan al 30% de la demanda mundial, en un mercado internacional en el que nuestro país (Perú), solo representa el 2% del mercado global. Es decir, nuestro nivel de influencia es minúscula y sólo nos queda aprovechar todas las oportunidades de este mercado tan convulso de precios elevados. Sin embargo,  también es necesario saber cómo nos debemos preparar para cuando el precio se estabilice y los gigantes africanos del cacao se recuperen de la paliza climática por la que están pasando.

Es decir, ¿Cómo aprovechar el déficit de producción del cacao en Ghana y Costa de Marfil como una oportunidad para promover la diversificación y sostenibilidad en el cultivo del cacao en el Perú?

El cultivo de cacao como aliado principal de la lucha contra el cultivo ilegal de la coca ya tiene un recorrido importante. No es casualidad haber alcanzado productividad de 1000 kg/ha, mientras que en otros países cacaoteros latinoamericanos se mueven entre 600 a 800, y en África va de 300 a 500 kg/ha. Sin embargo, el potencial de mejora de la productividad todavía es muy alto. Con buen manejo agronómico y mejorando los procesos post cosecha, se puede llegar a dos mil kg/ha. Esto requiere desde la selección de clones más productivos (finos de aroma, preferencial), reposición y renovación oportuna de cacaotales, labores culturales eficaces (podas, fertirriego, cosecha), hasta postcosecha cuidadosa para lograr los perfiles deseados para los cacaos de cada tipo y región. Todo esto cuesta y se hace parcialmente entre agricultores organizados y asistidos por programas contradrogas, cooperación técnica internacional y tesoro público vía Proyectos Especiales, Fondos Concursables, entre otros.

Sin embargo, es el momento en el cual el superávit coyuntural que genera el precio elevado sea invertido directamente por el agricultor; siempre es mejor que lo hagan asociados, ya que hay servicios como un centro de beneficio o lograr la conexión con compradores importantes, que raramente lo pueden hacer agricultores medianos o pequeños, por si solos. La primera opción recomendable es mejorar la productividad y hacerlo en un ambiente de colaboración mutua, asociatividad e, idealmente, gremial.

Luego, se puede incrementar el área sembrada, pero tomando en cuenta que el 98% de nuestro cacao es amazónico y aunque tenemos tierras ya un tanto degradadas que podrían ser utilizadas para este fin, la presión sobre el bosque primario, secundario y purmas, es alta y muy real. Infortunadamente, aún no “hacemos carne” de la relevancia global de conservar la foresta tropical. Nos lo tienen que notificar mediante normas y leyes de nuestros mercados de destino, como la Unión Europea. Además, incrementar el área de cosecha es una alternativa de mediano plazo, cuyo efecto seguramente se va a notar al mismo tiempo que se produzca la recuperación de la producción africana (tres a cinco años).

Debemos seguir avanzando en “agregar valor”. Exportar menos grano y cada vez más derivados y especialmente chocolates. Ese rubro no existía en nuestra oferta exportable haces un tres de años; ahora ya pasamos los 80 millones de dólares y con tendencia creciente. No pararemos hasta que las hazañas de los Cacaosuyo, Bakau, Juan Laura, Tesoro Amazónico y tantos chocolateros consagrados, repliquen el éxito internacional de nuestra gastronomía. No pararemos hasta alcanzar y estabilizar a los chocolates peruanos como los mejores del mundo.

Cabe preguntarse entonces ¿qué no hacer para evitar una sobreproducción de esta materia prima dentro de 5 años, período que tomaría la recuperación de esos países africanos que lideran la producción de cacao a nivel mundial, como ocurrió entre los años 2014-2015 con la quinua?

No debemos descuidar la calidad en todo el proceso. Dejar de propagar clones corrientes; no descuidar las plantaciones en su manejo, cultivo y cosecha. Aun cuando, en algunos casos, la genética de nuestras plantas no sea la mejor, si se cuida la post cosecha, también se puede lograr un grano aceptable. Para eso hay que capitalizarse con instalaciones adecuadas que cuando se hacen en asociación son siempre más viables. Adicionalmente, el factor más importante es el humano. Los agricultores deben agregar a su sabiduría ancestral, toda nueva oportunidad de formación y avances tecnológicos que hagan de su cultivo más productivo, pero también más sostenible.

Cuando la situación se normalice, en tres a cinco años, debe encontrarnos fortalecidos y capitalizados, pero sobre todo con una mayor y mejor cultura de la calidad. Estamos y estaremos lejos de ser un jugador importante en volumen en el mercado mundial de cacao, pero el prestigio de nuestro fantástico cacao es tan creciente, como la exportación de nuestros chocolates. Estamos felizmente muy bien posicionados en el nicho del cacao de calidad. Esta es nuestra oportunidad y fortaleza.

 Lima 22 de mayo de 2024.



English version


AGROPERU Mayo (2024) N°45

High and unstable cocoa prices: what to do now and then when the calm returns.


Santiago H. Pastor Soplín

RENACYT Researcher

AGRONOMY&BUSINESS Professor

Universidad Cientifica del Sur. Lima, Peru.


Cocoa or "food of the gods" remains in a "roller coaster" phase. The price goes up and down and it does not seem evident that it will stabilize, much less land at the levels of a year and a half ago and of previous decades, when it moved between two and three thousand dollars per ton; closer to two thousand than to three thousand, which was a subsistence price for medium-sized producers and a starvation price for small or family producers.




In the last 15 months, it began to rise steadily to almost 12,000 dollars per ton. Now that we are writing this note, the price is at 7300 dollars per ton of dry fermented beans; if we take into account that the producer receives between 80 and 90% of the reference price of the New York Stock Exchange, and an average price of ten thousand dollars per ton, it would mean that producers should be receiving 8 to 9 dollars per kg of cocoa, in addition to the premiums for certifications and especially high prices when it comes to lots of fine aroma cocoa aimed especially at fine or artisanal chocolates. Taking a rough average, producers should be receiving approximately 10 dollars per kilogram or 35 soles, as opposed to the 8 to 9 soles they received a year and a half ago. The increase is evident and the impact is substantially strong.


It should be noted that it is an opportunity generated by the poor harvests of African countries that are major producers Ivory Coast and Ghana. World cocoa stores and reserves have accumulated deficits that reach 30% of world demand, in an international market in which our country (Peru) only represents 2% of the global market. In other words, our level of influence is minuscule and we can only take advantage of all the opportunities in this turbulent market with high prices. However, it is also necessary to know how we should prepare ourselves for when the price stabilizes and the African cocoa giants recover from the climatic beating they are going through.


That is, how to take advantage of the cocoa production deficit in Ghana and Ivory Coast as an opportunity to promote diversification and sustainability in cocoa cultivation in Peru?


The cultivation of cocoa as a main support in the fight against illegal coca cultivation has already had an important trajectory. It is no coincidence that productivity has reached 1000 kg/ha, while in other Latin American cocoa growing countries it is between 600 and 800 kg/ha, and in Africa it ranges from 300 to 500 kg/ha. However, the potential for productivity improvement is still very high. With appropriate agronomic management and improved post-harvest processes, it is possible to reach 2,000 kg/ha. This requires from the selection of more productive clones (fine aroma, preferential), timely replenishment and renewal of cocoa trees, effective cultural work (pruning, fertigation, harvesting), to careful post-harvesting to obtain the desired profiles for the cocoa of each type and region. All this costs and is partially done by farmers organized and assisted by counter-programs, international technical cooperation and public treasury via Special Projects, Competitive Funds, among others.

However, it is time for the surplus generated by the high price to be invested directly by the farmer; it is always better that they do it in association, since there are services such as a benefit center or making the connection with important buyers, which can rarely be done by medium or small farmers on their own. The first recommended option is to improve productivity and to do so in an environment of mutual collaboration, associativity and, ideally, as a cooperative.

Then, the cultivated area can be increased, but taking into account that 98% of our cocoa is Amazonian and although we have already somewhat degraded lands that could be used for this purpose, the pressure on the primary, secondary and purmas forest, is high and very real. Unfortunately, we still do not “make flesh” of the global relevance of conserving the tropical forest. We have to be notified through regulations and laws of our target markets, such as the European Union. Furthermore, increasing the harvest area is a medium-term alternative, the effect of which will surely be felt at the same time as the recovery of African production (three to five years).

We must continue to move forward in “adding value”. Exporting less grain and more and more derivatives and especially chocolates. This item did not exist in our exportable offering three years ago; now we have already exceeded 80 million dollars and with a growing trend. We will not stop until the successes of Cacaosuyo, Bakau, Juan Laura, Tesoro Amazónico and so many consecrated chocolatiers replicate the international success of our gastronomy. 

It is worth asking then what not to do to avoid an overproduction of this raw material within 5 years, a period that would take the recovery of those African countries that lead cocoa production worldwide, as happened between 2014-2015 with quinoa? 

We must not neglect quality in the whole process. Stop propagating common clones; do not neglect the plantations in their management, cultivation and harvesting. Even when, in some cases, the genetics of our plants are not the best, if we take care of the post-harvest, we can also achieve an acceptable grain. For this, it is necessary to capitalize on adequate facilities, which when done in association are always more viable. Additionally, the most important factor is the human factor. Farmers must add to their ancestral wisdom, all new training opportunities and technological advances that make their crop more productive, but also more sustainable.

When the situation normalizes, in three to five years, it should find us strengthened and capitalized, but above all with a greater and better culture of quality. We are and will be far from being a major player in volume in the world cocoa market, but the prestige of our fantastic cocoa is as growing as the export of our chocolates. We are happily very well positioned in the quality cocoa niche. This is our opportunity and strength.

Lima, May 22, 2024.


viernes, 11 de noviembre de 2022

DÍA 2: Simposio Internacional sobre Investigación Cacaotera. Montpellier 2022.

 


DAY 2

AUDITORIUM PASTEUR
Parallel session 1 – Cocoa Cultivation: Innovative Approaches and Practices for Sustainable Production (Continued)

Pest and disease

8:00 – 10:00 ORAL PRESENTATIONS

  • Jacqueline Mary Barnett – Development of immunoassays to detect Cocoa Swollen Shoot Virus, University of West of England,
  • Marcos Javier Ramos Chera – A novel method for estimating pest and diseases related yield loss in cacao pods in the Peruvian Amazonia, CIRAD
  • Régis Babin – The « BarCo » project: for the promotion of barrier crops to curb the expansion of the Cocoa swollen shoot virus in Côte d’Ivoire, CIRAD
  • Dr. Uilson Vanderlei Lopes – Preventive development and testing of clones resistant to Frosty Pod Rot in Brazil, Cacao Research Center (CEPEC/CEPLAC)
  • Mónica Arias – Several enemies at the same time: interaction between two cocoa pod diseases and a cocoa pod borer and their impact in Peruvian agroforestry systems, CIRAD, INRAE
  • Lina Tennhardt – How does labour availability influence pesticide use on cocoa farms?, Research Institute of Organic Agriculture (FiBL)
  • Ade Rosmana – Composted plant residue amendments in integration with Trichoderma asperellum suppresses above-ground diseases and improves the growth of cacao (Theobroma cacao L.), Hasanuddin University

10:00 – 10:30 Coffee break

Good Agricultural practices

10:30 – 12:30 ORAL PRESENTATIONS

  • Kam Rigne Laossi – Impact of pruning intensities on cocoa tree productivity, pest (mirids) and disease (black pod disease) infestations on farmer field trials in Côte d’Ivoire, ofi
  • Stéphane N’Dah Konan  DEXiCacao: a new tool to assess the overall sustainability of cocoa-based cropping systems, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny
  • Luis Orozco Aguilar – The MOCCA project – Cocoa pod survivorship curves to improve yield forecasting method, Lutheran World Relief
  • Arun Kumar Pratihast – Digital tools and Ontology: A collaborative pathway for managing & sharing cocoa data, Wageningen University and Research
  • Tatiana Inés Restrepo Quiroz – Development of new cacao elite cultivars for the sustainability and competitiveness of the supply chain in Colombia, Compañía Nacional de Chocolates S.A.S
  • Abigail Tettey – An overview of the potential of regenerative agriculture in cocoa production, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA)
  • Celine Diaz  Effectiveness of biostimulants as a sustainable solution for improving production of cocoa trees in Ecuador: enhancing flowering and fruit setting to improve final number of pods, weight and yield by tree, Agritecno Fertilizantes S.L.

12:30 – 14:00 Lunch break

Botany/Genetics, breeding

14:00 – 16:00 ORAL PRESENTATIONS

  • Renaud Boulanger – Genetic bases of fruity and flora aroma of the Nacional cocoa variety, CIRAD
  • Christian Cilas  How many years of evaluation are needed to select new productive cocoa clones?, CIRAD
  • David Guest – Mapping candidate genes for resistance to Vascular-streak dieback disease of cocoa, University of Sydney
  • Boguinard Sahin Honorine Brigitte Guiraud – Breeding of cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) genotypes tolerant/resistant to cocoa swollen shoot virus (CSSVs) in cocoa orchards infected by the disease in Côte d’Ivoire, CNRA
  • Claire Lanaud – Past domestication of T. cacao in Central and Latin America revealed by paleogenomics and analysis of methylxanthines, CIRAD
  • Ramesh S.V. – Transcriptomic response of cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) genotypes to water-deficit stress: Implications for drought tolerance, ICAR-Central Plantation Crops Research Institute
  • Evelyn Kulesza – Unwrapping the Chocolate Transcriptome: The gene expression atlas of the tropical crop Theobroma cacao, Penn State University

16:00 – 16:30 Coffee break

16:30 – 17:10 ORAL PRESENTATIONS

  • Catalina Maria Ramis – Genetic origin of Venezuelan cacao (Theobroma cacao L.), Universidad Central de Venezuela
  • Yves-Laurent Brou Assoua – Drone-based estimation of trees biophysical parameters in complex cocoa-based agroforestry systems, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny

17:10 – 18:00 POSTER SESSION – Click here to see poster presenters

AUDITORIUM EINSTEIN
Parallel session 2 – Sustainable Cocoa and Climate Change: The way forward through Mitigation and Adaptation

Overview and Intro

8:00 – 10:00 ORAL PRESENTATIONS

Keynote Speaker Session 2: Rolando Cerda, Researcher and professor in the Tropical Agricultural Research and Higher Education Center (CATIE)
Questions

  • Wiebke Niether – The contribution of cocoa agroforestry on yields, soil, pests, biodiversity and climate change: a multi-dimensional meta-analysis, University of Giessen
  • Fiona Lahive – The importance of empirical data in accounting for the long-term and interactive effects of climate change on cocoa, University of Reading.
  • Alina Gainsay-Bogdan –Towards a climate-smart dynamic cocoa cropping calendar?, Climate42
  • Maja Slingerland – Using the Cool Farm Tool and Perennial crop model used to benchmark the climate change mitigation potential of cocoa systems, Wageningen University and Research

10:00 – 10:30 Coffee break

Physiology of cocoa and climate

10:30 – 12:30 ORAL PRESENTATIONS

  • Sandrine Okayo Minakou – Leaf density, adult vegetative vigor and flushing intensity as relevant criteria for evaluating drought resistance of cocoa trees (Theobroma cacao L.), CNRA.
  • Bénédicte Rhoné – Deciphering the genetic basis of adaptation to environment in T. cacao using resequenced genome, CIRAD
  • Julian Fernando Mateus-Rodriguez – Combined effects of elevated [CO2] and increased temperatures on cacao reproductive development, University of Reading
  • Dominique Dessauw – Agronomic and economic performances of improved cacao clones under different agro-ecological conditions in Costa Rica, CATIE/CIRAD
  • Surja Chakrabarti – Exploiting the cocoa genetic variation for flowering time and pod development period for climate adaptation: relationship to selected yield components, Cocoa Research Centre, The University of The West Indies
  • Antonio Jesús Ariza Salamanca – Vulnerability of cocoa-based agroforestry systems to climate change in West Africa, University of Cordoba
  • Viviana Ceccarelli – Climate change impact on cultivated and wild cacao in Peru and the search for climate change tolerant propagation material, Bioversity International

12:30 – 14:00 Lunch break

Parallel session 3 – Innovations to support the cocoa processing & market development

Cocoa by-products

14:40 – 16:00 ORAL PRESENTATIONS

Keynote Speaker Session 3: To be confirmed
Questions

  • Alexandre Bellion – Juicy beans: an integrated concept towards cocoa pulp use and living income, independent consultant in chocolate & cacao
  • Thomas Bickel Haase – Influence of origin and thermal processing on the aroma quality of cocoa fruit pulp for it use as a food Ingredient, Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging IVV
  • Simeon Deo Hannes Human – Consumer perceptions of the circular economy and the Ivorian cocoa value chain, Royal Agricultural University
  • Rob Lubberink – Collaborative business models for cocoa by-products: how do Innovation Alliance learn and innovate? Amsterdam University of Applied Sciences / School of International Business 

16:00 – 16:30 Coffee-break

Digital tools

16:30 – 17:10 ORAL PRESENTATIONS

  • Martin Notaro – Characterisation of the digital divide and assessment of the impact of the use and non-use of digital tools in the Ivorian cocoa sector, CIRAD
  • Neil Slettehaugh – Applying computer vision to cocoa bean cut test images: towards an efficient and accessible tool for evaluating physical quality Cocoa of Excellence, Alliance of Bioversity International and CIAT

17:10 – 18:00 POSTER SESSION – Click to see poster presenters Session 2 – Session 3

19:00  Gala Dinner at the Domaine des Grands Chais (All participants have to register prior to the event – buy your ticket HERE)


DÍA 1                                   DIA 3

lunes, 20 de abril de 2020

CACAO BIOTECHNOLOGY

Consumo percápita 2016


https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5785363/figure/pbi12848-fig-0002/

 
2018 Jan;16(1):4-17.
 doi: 10.1111/pbi.12848. Epub 2017 Nov 19.

Cacao Biotechnology: Current Status and Future Prospects

Affiliations 


Abstract

Theobroma cacao-The Food of the Gods, provides the raw material for the multibillion dollar chocolate industry and is also the main source of income for about 6 million smallholders around the world. Additionally, cocoa beans have a number of other nonfood uses in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. Specifically, the potential health benefits of cocoa have received increasing attention as it is rich in polyphenols, particularly flavonoids. At present, the demand for cocoa and cocoa-based products in Asia is growing particularly rapidly and chocolate manufacturers are increasing investment in this region. However, in many Asian countries, cocoa production is hampered due to many reasons including technological, political and socio-economic issues. This review provides an overview of the present status of global cocoa production and recent advances in biotechnological applications for cacao improvement, with special emphasis on genetics/genomics, in vitro embryogenesis and genetic transformation. In addition, in order to obtain an insight into the latest innovations in the commercial sector, a survey was conducted on granted patents relating to T. cacao biotechnology.
Keywords: Theobroma cacao; breeding; chocolate; genetics; genomics; somatic embryogenesis; transformation.

miércoles, 13 de febrero de 2019

CALL: candidates PhD WAGENINGEN





Call for potential candidates from Latin America that are interested in doing a PhD at Wageningen University

Research focus: socio-economic and environmental impacts and mitigation of trace-metal contamination and climate change in cocoa production
Members of an international consortium are developing the interdisciplinary research program “COCOAndina”, led by Wageningen University. We would like to get in touch with potential candidates from Latin America who seek admission to the PhD program of Wageningen University,andwhoarehighlymotivatedandpreparedtodoresearchtosupporttransitionstowards a resilient and inclusive cocoa sector in the Andean countries of SouthAmerica.

About the project:

COCOAndina is an international multidisciplinary research program and seeks to enhance the capacities of cocoa farmers - and the landscapes and value chains in which they operate
tomitigateoradapttothenegativeimpactsofnewfoodsafetyregulationandofclimate change, focussing on Colombia, Ecuador and Peru. Project partners are AGROSAVIA (Colombia), ESPOL (Ecuador), GRADE and UNALM (Peru), and the international organizations CIAT, Bioversity andCIRAD.
The overall objectives of the program are: (i) to develop an interdisciplinary understanding of the factors that determine system responses and adaptation to critical disturbances affecting the cocoa sector in the Andean countries, and (ii) to use this understanding to co-design innovations for resilient and socially inclusive cocoa farms and landscapes.
The program is currently being evaluated and a final decision about funding will be known in April 2019. In case the program is successful, it offers significant co-funding in the form of 9 partial sandwich PhD scholarships and research funds. A list of PhD topics is provided below.
TocomplementtherequiredfundingforafullsandwichPhDscholarshipadditionalfundingisneeded. Therefore,weencourageinterestedcandidatestoapplyforoneormoreofthescholarshipprograms in their home country. Given the deadlines for the scholarship applications action is requirednow.

Sandwich PhD program:

ThePhDcandidatewillspendthefirst6monthsatWageningenUniversity.Duringthistime,youwill develop your research proposal and follow a tailor-made training program. The next thirty months will be spent conducting research in (one of) the COCOAndina countries under the supervision of a localsupervisor.Afteryouhavefinishedcollectingallyourdata,youreturntoWageningentofinish the PhD thesis during the last 12months.

What do you need to do?

1.         Carefully check the eligibility criteria for the Wageningen PhD program (seebelow)
2.         Ifyouthinkyouareeligiblecontactusandletusknowthefieldofresearchorprojectyouwould be interestedin.
3.         We can direct you to different scholarship opportunities applicable to yourcountry
4.         We welcome your application for one of the PhD positions to be announced around June 2019, in the case the project isgranted.
5.         Successful PhD candidates are expected to start their PhD around October2019.

To express your interest of obtain more information please contact:

Ekatherina Vásquez: e.vasquezamb@gmail.com
Mirjam Pulleman: mirjam.pulleman@wur.nlm.pulleman@cgiar.org


Proposed PhD topics under COCOAndina:


Project
Subject
PhD1
Sustainable supply of cocoa from the Andean region: an assessment of risks and adaptation potentials
PhD 2
Resilience and adaptive capacities of cocoa farmers to different disturbances (food safety regulation and climate change)
PhD3
Uptake, allocation and re-allocation of trace metals in cacao
PhD4
The role of organic matter for Cd mitigation, soil health and cacao productivity
PhD5
Climate-change adaptation strategies for cocoa at field and farm level
PhD6
Cadmium post-harvest mitigation strategies: their efficacy and effects on the quality of cocoa beans
PhD7
Exploring inclusive, context-relevant and value-driven innovation processes and co- design of cocoa farm production systems and farmer organisations
PhD8
Exploring inclusive, context-relevant and value-driven innovation processes and co- design of cocoa value chain governances and policy
PhD 9
Effects of mineral nutrient status on cacao yields and bean cadmium concentrations

Admission  criteria of  Wageningen  PhD programme     (https://www.wur.nl/en/Education-Programmes/PhD-Programme.htm).
·      Diplomasofhighereducation(bothBScandMScincludingtranscriptsofacademicrecords).The minimumrequirementistheequivalentofaMaster’sdegree.Anadditionalofficialtranslationis required if the documents are not in English, Dutch, French, German, Spanish orAfrikaans.
·       If you are not Dutch, from a non-Anglophone country and you have not completed your higher education with English as the language of instruction, you have to submit an internationally recognised Certificate of Proficiency in the English Language. Minimum requiredscores:
o   TOEFL internet-based 90, with minimum sub-score 23 forspeaking
o   IELTS 6.5, with minimum sub-score 6.0 forspeaking
o   Cambridge Certificate of Advanced English (CAE) with minimum gradeB
o   Cambridge Certificate of Proficiency in English(CPE)

Scholarships programs in Ecuador, Peru, and Colombia

1.         Ecuador: Senescythttp://servicios.senescyt.gob.ec/
2.         Peru:
·      Concytec     –     Fondecyt     http://www.fondecyt.gob.pe/convocatorias/becas/becas-de-doctorado-en-el-extranjero-2017-01)
·       PRONABEC - Beca Presidente:http://www.pronabec.gob.pe/2018_BecaPresidente.php

3.         Colombia:Colfuturo:https://www.colfuturo.org/convocatoria.Upcomingdeadline28February.

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